POSTERIOR CROSSBITE is relatively common in children. Early treatment produces desirable occlusion, as well as increasing the arch perimeter. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between palatal expansion and maxillary arch perimeter.A group of 12 children aged 8-10 years, with POSTERIOR dentoalveolar CROSSBITE, were selected for this study.All cases were treated for their CROSSBITE using a removable palatal expander. Changes in both intermolar width of maxillary second primary and first permanent molars were compared to changes in arch perimeter at the end of treatment.Results of this comparison using paired t-test revealed that by increasing the arch width, a significant increase could be seen in arch perimeter (p<0.001).Regression analysis revealed that by increasing intermolar width (second primary molar) , arch perimeter also increases. However, this correlation was not statistically significant and there was no linear relationship between these two parameters too. On the other hand, the same analysis showed that a significant correlation existed between changes in intermolar width ( first permanent molar) and changes in arch perimeter (p=0.027). There was also a linear relationship between these two parameters.conclusion: 1mm increase in intermolar width ( maxillary first permanent molar) will cause a mean increase of 0.96 ± 0.31 mm in arch perimeter and this change in arch perimeter must be considered in space analysis in patients with POSTERIOR CROSSBITE.

Background and Aim: POSTERIOR CROSSBITE is a common phenomenon in primary dentition which is classified in three general types of skeletal, dental and functional which are not mostly self - corrected, however; a suitable and on - time treatment may prevent it to change into a skeletal disorder. The goal of this study was to determine the prevalence of POSTERIOR CROSSBITE among 3-5 year-old nursery school's children in Zahedan.Materials and Methods: In this cross - sectional descriptive study, data were gathered through clinical examination and questionnaire in 870 children, 500 boys and 370 girls. The unilateral CROSSBITE was characterized by cusp - to - cusp position of molars in central occlusion and the mandible, to find a stable occlusion, had to slide to one side. If there was no midline deviation it was classified as bilateral cross-bite. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistical methods and X2 test.Results: The prevalence of POSTERIOR CROSSBITE in the studied group was 3.2%. The POSTERIOR cross-bite was more in girls (4.3%) than boys (2.4%). Unilateral POSTERIOR CROSSBITE was observed in 92.8% of cases and bilateral POSTERIOR CROSSBITE was seen in 7.2%. Conclusion: The prevalence of POSTERIOR CROSSBITE was 3.2% in (3-5) year - old children in Zahedan nursery schools.

Introduction: Anterior and POSTERIOR cross bites are observed in orthodontic patients more frequently than other malocclusions. The purpose of this study was to the determine the prevalence of anterior cross bite and POSTERIOR cross bite (unilateral & bilateral) in primary and high school students in Mashhad and comparing the results with each other.Materials and Methods: In this cross sectional study the data collection method was clinical observation and a form for recording the data.In this study 2956 students including 2050 primary school students (1030 boys and 1020 girls) with the age range of 7-12 years and also 906 high school students (490 boys and 416 girls) with the age range of 15-18 years were selected in random cluster sampling. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS software (Fisher’s exact test in two-by-two cross tabulations).Results: 1-The prevalence of POSTERIOR cross bite in primary school students was 6.9% and in high school students was 5.2%. The difference was not significant.2- The prevalence of POSTERIOR cross bite in boys in primary school was 7.8% and in high school boys was 8.4%. The difference was not significant.3-The prevalence of POSTERIOR cross bite in girls in primary school was 6% and in high girls Was 1.4%. The difference was significant.4-The prevalence of bilateral POSTERIOR cross bite in primary school students was 0.87% and in high school students was 1.6%. Unilateral POSTERIOR cross bite in primary school students was 6% and in high school students was 3.5%. The difference in unilateral cross bite was significant.(P-v=0.006) 5-In general, the prevalence of anterior cross bite in primary school students was 0.87% and in high school students was 5.4%.The difference was not significant 6-The prevalence of anterior cross bite in primary school boys was 7.8% and in high school boys was 8.6%. The difference was not significant.7-The prevalence of anterior cross bite in primary school girls was 5.3% and in high school girls was 1.6%. The difference was significant. (P-v=0.002)Conclusion: In this study anterior and POSTERIOR cross bites in primary school students were more than high school students. The difference was not significant. Unilateral cross bite was more frequent in primary school students than high school students. . The difference was significant.Bilateral POSTERIOR cross bite in high school boys was more than primary school boys but in high school girls was less than primary school girls. Anterior and POSTERIOR cross bite in high school girls decreased and in high school boys increased significantly compared to primary school students.

Introduction: Sucking habits have long been recognized to affect occlusion and dental arch characreristics. The aim of this study was to determine the association between nutritive (breastfeeding and bottle feeding) and non-nutritive (thumb or pacifier sucking) habits and POSTERIOR CROSSBITE in the primary dentition.Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out on 200 preschool children aged 3-5 years. The CROSSBITE group (n=100) consisted of children with POSTERIOR CROSSBITE and the normal group (n=100) was made up of children without POSTERIOR CROSSBITE. Information on breastfeeding, bottle feeding, and non-nutritive sucking habits was collected using a structured questionnaire. Data was analyzed using chi-squared test and student’s t-test. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05.Results: Risk factors for POSTERIOR CROSSBITE in preschool children were bottle feeding (OR=2.1), thumb sucking (OR=3.6), and pacifier sucking (OR=2.0). No association was noted between breastfeeding for more than 1 year and POSTERIOR CROSSBITE (p value=1).Conclusion: Under the limitations of the present study, it appears POSTERIOR CROSSBITE in the primary dentition in preschool children is directly related to bottle feeding, thumb sucking and pacifier sucking habits.

Introduction: The treatment of a true unilateral POSTERIOR CROSSBITE often requires asymmetric maxillary expansion; however, this is challenging to achieve with conventional expansion methods because of several biomechanical limitations. In this paper, we introduce a new protocol for the treatment of a unilateral POSTERIOR CROSSBITE in adults based on maxillary orthodontic expansion assisted by corticotomy and low-level laser therapy (LLLT) performed on the CROSSBITE side. Methods: The study sample included 15 adults (8 females, 7 males) affected by a true unilateral POSTERIOR CROSSBITE, with a mean age of 21. 6 ± 3. 1 years at the at the beginning of treatment. After the application of orthodontic appliances (palatal expander and self-ligating brackets), corticomy was performed at the buccal aspect of the CROSSBITE side while LLLT was monthly administered up to the correction of the CROSSBITE. The efficacy of the technique was evaluated through measurements performed on maxillary digital models. Results: All subjects reported successful correction of the POSTERIOR unilateral CROSSBITE, and functional occlusion was achieved as well. The average expansion was greater at the CROSSBITE side compared to the unaffected side and such difference was significant at the levels of first premolars (P < 0. 05), second premolars (P < 0. 05) and first molars (P < 0. 05). Conclusion: Orthodontic maxillary expansion assisted by unilateral corticotomy and LLLT was effective in the treatment of the true unilateral CROSSBITE.

Aim: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of CROSSBITE and the role of promary canines interferences as a predisposing factor.Materials and Methods: The sample group was 3-5 years old children from nursery schools in Tehran. 1355 children were randomly selected and examined.Results: The reresult showed that the prevalence of CROSSBITE was %7.4 with confidence interval of %8.4-6.4 for %95.Among these children %4.4 had ant CROSSBITE, %2.3 had unilateral post CROSSBITE, %1.3 had bilateral post CROSSBITE and %0.6 of total had both anterior and POSTERIOR CROSSBITE. %66 of CROSSBITE cases showed premature contact in primary canines.Conclusion:  Analysis of data with chi-square test showed that there is a significant relationship between unilateral POSTERIOR CROSSBITE and primary canines interferences.

Background and Aim: Anterior CROSSBITE is the most commonly observed developing malocclusion during the mixed dentition period. Dental CROSSBITE occurs due to over-retained deciduous teeth or their delayed exfoliation, impacted or supernumerary teeth, pathologies present around the affected teeth, or dental trauma during the primary dentition period. Various removable and fixed appliances have been used in the literature for correction of CROSSBITE depending on the patient's age, and space availability in dental arch. Case Presentation: This paper presents a case series of anterior CROSSBITE cases corrected using a simple POSTERIOR bite plane appliance. This appliance is simple, easy to fabricate, and takes less time to correct the CROSSBITE. Conclusion: A POSTERIOR bite plane with a palatal plate could be an efficient solution for correction of anterior dental CROSSBITE in the mixed dentition period. This chair-side fabricated appliance achieves correction quickly without harming the periodontal tissue. Developing malocclusions should be immediately identified by dentists to prevent complex treatment options in the future.

Background and Aim: Premature contact of teeth in POSTERIOR CROSSBITE may be associated with facial asymmetry. To describe the surgical treatment of mandibular deviation associated with a marked facial asymmetry, and build up the two upper lateral incisors in place of the two upper central incisors.Case Report: A 20 year-old boy with a unilateral POSTERIOR CROSSBITE, noticeable facial asymmetry, and anterior CROSSBITE is presented. He had a history of head injury in mixed dentition period. The upper central incisors were lost during trauma and the created space was replaced by the two upper lateral incisors. A removable appliance was used to correct the CROSSBITE and it was followed by fixed appliances. Orthognathic surgery was done to complete the treatment .After that the two upper lateral incisors were built up and reshaped. Treatment resulted in a marked improvement in facial symmetry, elimination of the mandibular displacement and a stable occlusion. Conclusion: A patient with mandibular deviation and marked facial asymmetry was successfully treated surgically and two upper lateral incisors were built up and reshaped in place of the two upper central incisors.

Transverse maxillary deficiency is relatively prevalent in orthodontic patients. This article reports the use of a Miniscrew-Assisted Rapid Palatal Expansion (MARPE) device for the correction of transverse skeletal maxillary constriction in an adult patient. The patient was a 20-year-old girl with a transverse maxillary deficiency and bilateral POSTERIOR CROSSBITE. A MARPE device was positioned on her palate using 4 miniscrews. The activation protocol was one-quarter turn per day every other day, with a total activation duration of 10 weeks following with a 3-month retention period. Pre-MARPE and post-MARPE cone-beam computed tomography cross sections presented a skeletal expansion of maxilla. This report confirms the effective treatment of a mature patient with severe maxillary constriction, highly deep palate, and POSTERIOR CROSSBITE using a custom-made modification of MARPE

Purpose: The prognosis for patients with ophthalmomyiasis interna POSTERIOR is variable. In many patients the larva remains in the eye for years without inducing inflammationor loss of vision. Sometimes, the migratinglarva involvesthe macula or optic nerve and results in permanent visual loss or blindness.Methods: Our patient was referred secondary to decreased visual acuity in her left eye because of recurrent uveitis resistent to anti-inflammatory drugs. We found panuveitis with a subluxated lens. Pars plana deep vitrectomyand lensectomy was done and the larva was removed. Two days laterwe found localized inferior peripheral retipal detachment with multiple holes. Repeat vitrectomy, scleral buckling and endolaser photocoagulation was done.Results: Clinical examination 6 weeks later revealed visual acuity of 2/10 in the left eye.Conclusion: We suggest early removal of larva to prevent damage and visual loss in cases of ophthalmomyiasis interna POSTERIOR.